In every environment there is the Key Light. This is the main light shown within a scene. For example, if it was outside it would be the sun light or it would be the light within a studio.
The Purpose of the fill light is to partially fill in shadows created from horizontal and vertical angles of the key light. The fill light in an ideal world should be 90 degrees away from the key light and about 45 degrees from the camera. By lighting a full 90 degree afea, an important margin of safety is created in case subjects move unexpected during the production, and prevents the need for having to have the camera angles changed and creating a possible costly delay. A fill light should be softer than the key as it is then able to subtly fill in some of the key's shadows without creating a second catchlight in the eyes.
When outside and the sun is being used as a key, a reflector board may be used and positioned at about 90 degrees from the sun to reflect the light into the shadow areas. Large white styrofoam or foam core boards are oftern used during closeups.
The back light or sometimes reffered to as a hair light is placed directly behind the subject in relation to the close-up camera. They purpose is to light up the back of subjects. Back lights alone can be used to create a silhouette effect.
The background light illuminates the front of a background area and adds a depth and separation between scene elements.
Any type of light can be used as a background light as long as it provides fairly even illumination across the background, does not hit the central subject matter, and is at the appropriate intensity.
If the background has detail or texture, you would want to put the background light on the same side as the key. This keeps the dominant light consistent in the scene.
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